Use of dicatonic compounds for dyeing human keratinous fibres and compositions containing the same

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to the process of dyeing human keratinous fibers, such as the hair, with at least one specific direct dye in cosmetic compositions. Also disclosed herein are the direct dyeing and lightening compositions comprising said compounds, and the corresponding dyeing kits.

The invention relates to the use of dicationic compounds, as direct dyes, in a dye composition for dyeing human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair. The invention also relates to lightening direct dye compositions containing them, and also to the corresponding dyeing processes.

Certain dicationic dyes have already been described and proposed for coloring paper; cationic azo- or diazoimidazoles have thus been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,708,151 and 5,674,299.

The cationic dyes described in the present invention have never been proposed for use in cosmetics.

Now, in the hair field, two types of dyeing may be distinguished.

The first is semi-permanent or temporary dyeing, or direct dyeing, which uses dyes capable of giving to the natural color of the hair a more or less pronounced color change that may withstand shampooing several times. These dyes are known as direct dyes; they may be used with or without an oxidizing agent. In the presence of an oxidizing agent, the aim is to obtain lightening direct dyeing. The lightening dye is used by applying the extemporaneous mixture of a direct dye and an oxidizing agent to the hair, and makes it possible especially to obtain, by lightening the melanin of the hair, an advantageous effect such as a unified color in the case of gray hair, or to bring out the color in the case of naturally pigmented hair.

The second is permanent dyeing or oxidation dyeing. This is performed with “oxidation” dyes comprising oxidation dye precursors and couplers. Oxidation dye precursors, commonly called “oxidation bases”, are compounds that are initially colorless or weakly colored and which develop their dyeing power on the hair in the presence of oxidizing agents added at the time of use, leading to the formation of colored and dyeing compounds. The formation of these colored and dyeing compounds results either from an oxidative condensation of the “oxidation bases” with themselves or from an oxidative condensation of the “oxidation bases” with coloration modifiers, commonly called “couplers”, and generally present in the dye compositions used in oxidation dyeing.

The variety of molecules used, which consist on the one hand of the oxidation bases and on the other hand of the couplers, allows a very wide range of colors to be obtained.

Thus, the hair dyeing operation, whether it is direct dyeing or oxidation dyeing, is conventionally performed with molecules of low molecular weight. The reason for this is that a low molecular weight allows, in the case of direct dyeing, free diffusion of the dyes into the hair, and in the case of oxidation dyeing, allows the reactive species to diffuse into the fiber before the oxidation reaction.

Moreover, generally, it has hitherto been avoided to use molecules of high molecular weight since these molecules have the drawback of being selective, i.e. they result in differences in coloration along the same keratin fiber.

However, with hair dyeing, dyes must must be as unselective as possible, i.e. they must produce the smallest possible color differences along a same length of keratin fiber, which may in fact be differently sensitized (i.e. damaged) between its end and its root.

This problem of selectivity thus makes dyes of high molecular weight generally unusable.

Now, after considerable research conducted in this matter, the Applicant has just discovered that it is possible to obtain direct dye and lightening dye compositions with dyes that make it possible to obtain shades with low selectivities, if the dyes are chosen from those of formula (I), (II) or (III) described below.

The shades obtained with said dyes moreover are strong, chromatic (luminous), and show good resistance to the various attacking factors to which the hair may be subjected.

These discoveries form the basis of the present invention.

A first subject of the present invention is thus the use, as direct dyes, of the dicationic compounds of formula (I), (II) or (III) described below, in a cosmetic composition for dyeing human keratin fibers, and more particularly the hair.

A second subject of the present invention is a composition for the direct dyeing of human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair, comprising, in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, an effective amount of at least one dicationic direct dye of formula (I), (II) or (III).

Another subject of the invention relates to a ready-to-use composition for dyeing human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair, which contains at least one dicationic direct dye of formula (I), (II) or (III), and an oxidizing agent.

For the purposes of the invention, the term “ready-to-use composition” means the composition intended to be applied in unmodified form to the keratin fibers, i.e. it may be stored in unmodified form before use or may result from the extemporaneous mixing of two or more compositions.

The invention is also directed toward a process for the direct dyeing of human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair, which consists in applying to the fibers a composition containing, in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, at least one dicationic direct dye of formula (I), (II) or (III).

The invention is also directed toward a process for the lightening direct dyeing of human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair, which consists in applying to the fibers an extemporaneous mixture of a composition containing, in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, at least one dicationic direct dye of formula (I), (II) or (III) and a composition containing at least one oxidizing agent.

A subject of the invention is also a device for the lightening direct dyeing of human keratin fibers, and in particular the hair, or a dyeing “kit”, which comprises a first compartment containing, in a medium that is suitable for dyeing, at least one dicationic direct dye of formula (I), (II) or (III), and a second compartment containing an oxidizing agent.

This device may be equipped with a means for applying the desired mixture to the hair, such as the devices described in patent FR-2 586 913 in the name of the Applicant.

However, other characteristics, aspects, subjects and advantages of the invention will emerge even more clearly on reading the description and the examples that follow.

Dicationic Direct Dye

The dicationic direct dyes according to the present invention are chosen from those of formula (I), (II) or (III) below:

in which formula (I) or (II):

-   -   A and A1, independently of each other, denote a radical of         formula (a) below     -   Z denotes an aliphatic or aromatic radical,     -   Z₁ denotes an alkyl radical,     -   R₁ and R₂, independently of each other, denote a hydrogen atom         or a (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, or a (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical substituted         with one or more halogen atoms, a hydroxyl, carboxyl or cyano         radical, a (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical, a (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical         substituted with one or more hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals,         or an amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl,         phenoxy or phenylaminocarbonyl radical, in which the phenyl         radical is unsubstituted or substituted with a (C₁-C₄)alkyl,         (C₁-C₄)alkoxy or phenoxy radical,         or R₁ and R₂ form, together with the two nitrogen atoms that         bear them and the radical Z, a piperazine ring,     -   X is a bridging radical chosen from: —CO—; —CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO—;         —CO—CO—; 1,4-dicarbonylphenyl; —CH₂—CH₂—; or a triazine of         formula (b) or (c) below:         in which:         Y and Y1, independently of each other, denote a halogen atom or         a hydroxyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, 1-piperidino,         morpholino or 1-piperazino radical, the piperazino radical being         unsubstituted or substituted on the nitrogen atom not attached         to the triazine ring with a (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, said alkyl         radicals being unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl,         amino, mono(C₁-C₄)alkylamino or di(C₁-C₄)alkylamino,     -   Z₂ denotes a (C₂-C₈)alkylene radical or forms a piperazine ring         with the two adjacent nitrogen atoms and the radicals R₁ and R₂,     -   in the radical of formula (a),     -   R₃ and R₄, independently of each other, denote a hydrogen atom         or a (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, or (C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted with one         or more halogen atoms, a hydroxyl, carboxyl, or cyano radical, a         (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical, a (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical substituted with         a hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical, or an amino, alkylamino,         dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy or         phenylaminocarbonyl radical, in which the phenyl radical is         unsubstituted or substituted with a (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy         or phenoxy radical,     -   R₅ and R₆, independently of each other, denote a hydrogen atom,         a (C₁-C₄)alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical optionally substituted         with a hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen or cyano radical, a         (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical optionally substituted with a hydroxyl or         (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radical, or an amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,         aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy or phenylaminocarbonyl radical,         in which the phenyl radical is unsubstituted or substituted with         a (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy or phenoxy radical,     -   An⁻ denotes an anion.

Preferably, according to the invention, in formula (I),

-   -   R¹ and R₂, independently of each other, denote hydrogen,         (C₁-C₄)alkyl substituted with hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and         even more particularly denote hydrogen or methyl,     -   Z denotes a linear, branched or cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radical         optionally substituted with a hydroxyl, alkoxy or halogen, the         chain of said radical optionally being interrupted with a group         —O— or —NR₁—; a 1,4-phenyl radical, a 1,4-naphthyl radical         optionally substituted with an alkyl, alkoxy or halogen; Z         possibly forming a piperazine ring with R₁, R₂ and the 2         nitrogen atoms,     -   Z preferably denotes an unsubstituted phenyl radical, a phenyl         or naphthyl radical substituted with 1 or 2 methyl or methoxy         radicals, a piperazine radical by bonding with R₁, R₂ and the 2         nitrogen atoms, or a (C₂-C₄)alkylene radical which is         unsubstituted or substituted with one or two hydroxyls,     -   X denotes a group of formula (b).

Preferably, according to the invention, in formula (II),

-   -   Z₁ denotes a linear, branched or cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radical,         optionally substituted with a hydroxyl, alkoxy or halogen, the         chain of said radical optionally being interrupted with a group         —O— or —NR₁—; a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two         nitrogen atoms,     -   Z₁ preferably denotes a (C₂-C₆)alkylene radical which is         unsubstituted or substituted with one or more hydroxyl, a         piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms;         and even more particularly an unsubstituted (C₂-C₄) alkylene         radical,     -   R₃ and R₄ denote methyl or ethyl, and R₅ and R₆ denote hydrogen,         methyl or methoxy.         in which formula (III),     -   the number of cationic charges is two,     -   X′ and Y′, independently of each other, denote hydrogen,         halogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino,         arylcarbonylamino, ureido or arylureido,     -   R′₁ denotes hydrogen, a substituted alkyl or aryl radical, an         unsubstituted alkyl or aryl radical, or the same meaning as R′₂     -   R′₂ is a radical of formula (d) below:         in which:     -   B denotes a linear or branched alkylene radical,     -   R′₆ denotes hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,     -   R′₇ and R′₈, independently of each other, denote substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl,     -   R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form a substituted or         unsubstituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may contain other         hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a         pyridinium ring,     -   R′₃ denotes hydrogen, halogen, (C₁-C₄)alkyl or (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,     -   W is a radical of formula (e) below:         in which:     -   K is a coupling radical,     -   Z denotes a bridging radical chosen from the radicals of         formulae:         or —CO—NR′₉—B₁—NR′₉—CO—,         and in which R′₉ denotes hydrogen or unsubstituted or         substituted (C₂-C₄)alkylene, the alkylene radical being linear         or branched and possibly being interrupted with one or more         groups chosen from: —NR′₉—, —O— and —S—.

Preferably, according to the invention, in formula (III),

B denotes ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene or n-butylene,

K denotes a coupling compound chosen from those of formula (f), (g) or (h) below

in which,

-   -   X′, Y′ and R′₁ and R′₂ have the same meaning as in formula         (III),     -   n is equal to 1 or 2,     -   K₁ denotes the radical of formula:

According to the present invention, among the compounds of formula (I) that may be mentioned more particularly is the compound sold by the company CIBA under the name Pergasol Violet F-R, having the following formula:

Mention may also be made of the compounds of formula (I) corresponding to formulae (I)2 to (I)7 below:

According to the present invention, among the compounds of formula (III) that may be mentioned more particularly is the compound sold by the company CIBA under the name Pergasol Orange F-3G, having the following formula:

The dyes of formula (I), (II) or (III) according to the present invention are known per se, and are described and prepared in patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,299 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,151, the content of which forms an integral part of the present invention.

They are generally present in the dye composition of the present invention in proportions ranging from about 0.01% to 40% and preferably ranging from about 0.1% to 20% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

The medium of the composition that is suitable for dyeing is preferably an aqueous medium consisting of water and may advantageously contain cosmetically acceptable organic solvents including, more particularly, alcohols such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol and phenylethyl alcohol, or glycols or glycol ethers such as, for example, ethylene glycol monomethyl, monoethyl and monobutyl ethers, propylene glycol or its ethers such as, for example, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and diethylene glycol alkyl ethers such as, for example, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or monobutyl ether. The solvents may then be present in concentrations of between about 0.5% and 20% and preferably between about 2% and 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

The dye composition may also contain an effective amount of other agents that are previously known elsewhere for direct dyeing, such as various common adjuvants, for instance surfactants that are well known in the prior art and of anionic, cationic, nonionic, amphoteric or zwitterionic type or mixtures thereof, thickeners, antioxidants, fragrances, dispersants, conditioners, especially including cationic or amphoteric nonionic polymers, opacifiers, sequestering agents such as EDTA and etidronic acid, UV-screening agents, waxes, volatile or nonvolatile, cyclic, linear or branched silicones, which are possibly organomodified (especially with amine groups), preserving agents, ceramides, pseudoceramides, plant, mineral or synthetic oils, vitamins or provitamins, for instance panthenol, and nonionic, anionic, amphoteric or cationic associative polymers.

Associative Polymers

Associative polymers are water-soluble polymers capable, in an aqueous medium, of reversibly associating with each other or with other molecules.

Their chemical structure comprises hydrophilic zones and hydrophobic zones characterized by at least one fatty chain.

Associative Polymers of Anionic Type:

Among these, mention may be made of:

-   -   (I) those comprising at least one hydrophilic unit and at least         one fatty-chain allyl ether unit, more particularly those whose         hydrophilic unit consists of an ethylenic unsaturated anionic         monomer, more particularly a vinylcarboxylic acid and most         particularly an acrylic acid or a methacrylic acid or mixtures         thereof, the fatty-chain allyl ether unit of which corresponding         to the monomer of formula (I) below:         CH₂=CR′CH₂OB_(n)R  (I)         in which R′ denotes H or CH₃, B denotes an ethyleneoxy radical,         n is zero or denotes an integer ranging from 1 to 100, R denotes         a hydrocarbon-based radical chosen from alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl,         alkylaryl and cycloalkyl radicals, containing from 8 to 30         carbon atoms, preferably 10 to 24 carbon atoms and even more         particularly from 12 to 18 carbon atoms. A unit of formula (I)         that is more particularly preferred is a unit in which R′         denotes H, n is equal to 10 and R denotes a stearyl (C₁₈)         radical.

Anionic associative polymers of this type are described and prepared, according to an emulsion polymerization process, in patent EP-0 216 479.

Among these anionic associative polymers that are particularly preferred according to the invention are polymers formed from 20% to 60% by weight of acrylic acid and/or of methacrylic acid, from 5% to 60% by weight of lower alkyl (meth)acrylates, from 2% to 50% by weight of fatty-chain allyl ether of formula (I), and from 0% to 1% by weight of a crosslinking agent which is a well-known copolymerizable unsaturated polyethylenic monomer, for instance diallyl phthalate, allyl (meth)acrylate, divinylbenzene, (poly)ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or methylenebisacrylamide.

Among the latter polymers, those most particularly preferred are crosslinked terpolymers of methacrylic acid, of ethyl acrylate and of polyethylene glycol (10 EO) stearyl alcohol ether (Steareth-10), in particular those sold by the company Allied Colloids under the names Salcare SC 80® and Salcare SC 90®, which are aqueous 30% emulsions of a crosslinked terpolymer of methacrylic acid, of ethyl acrylate and of steareth-10 allyl ether (40/50/10).

-   -   (II) those comprising at least one hydrophilic unit of         unsaturated olefinic carboxylic acid type, and at least one         hydrophobic unit of (C₁₀-C₃₀)alkyl ester of unsaturated         carboxylic acid type.

Preferably, these polymers are chosen from those in which the hydrophilic unit of unsaturated olefinic carboxylic acid type corresponds to the monomer of formula (II) below:

in which R₁ denotes H or CH₃ or C₂H₅, that is to say acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or ethacrylic acid units, and in which the hydrophobic unit of (C₁₀-C₃₀)alkyl ester of unsaturated carboxylic acid type corresponds to the monomer of formula (III) below:

in which R₂ denotes H or CH₃ or C₂H₅ (that is to say acrylate, methacrylate or ethacrylate units) and preferably H (acrylate units) or CH₃ (methacrylate units), R₃ denoting a C₁₀-C₃₀ and preferably C₁₂-C₂₂ alkyl radical.

(C₁₀-C₃₀) alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids according to the invention include, for example, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate and dodecyl acrylate, and the corresponding methacrylates, lauryl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate and dodecyl methacrylate.

Anionic polymers of this type are described and prepared, for example, according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,915,921 and 4,509,949.

Among the anionic associative polymers of this type that will be used more particularly are polymers formed from a monomer mixture comprising:

-   (i) essentially acrylic acid, -   (ii) an ester of formula (III) described above in which R₂ denotes H     or CH₃, R₃ denoting an alkyl radical containing from 12 to 22 carbon     atoms, -   (iii) and a crosslinking agent, which is a well-known     copolymerizable polyethylenic unsaturated monomer, for instance     diallyl phthalate, allyl (meth)acrylate, divinylbenzene,     (poly)ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methylenebisacrylamide.

Among anionic associative polymers of this type that will be used more particularly are those consisting of from 95% to 60% by weight of acrylic acid (hydrophilic unit), 4% to 40% by weight of C₁₀-C₃₀ alkyl acrylate (hydrophobic unit) and 0% to 6% by weight of crosslinking polymerizable monomer, or alternatively those consisting of from 98% to 96% by weight of acrylic acid (hydrophilic unit), 1% to 4% by weight of C₁₀-C₃₀ alkyl acrylate (hydrophobic unit) and 0.1% to 0.6% by weight of crosslinking polymerizable monomer such as those described above.

Among said above polymers, those most particularly preferred according to the present invention are the products sold by the company Goodrich under the trade names Pemulen TR1®, Pemulen TR2® and Carbopol 1382®, and even more preferentially Pemulen TR1®, and the product sold by the company SEPPIC under the name Coatex SX®.

-   -   (III) maleic anhydride/C₃₀-C₃₈ α-olefin/alkyl maleate         terpolymers, such as the product (maleic anhydride/C₃₀-C₃₈         α-olefin/isopropyl maleate copolymer) sold under the name         Performa V 1608® by the company Newphase Technologies.     -   (IV) acrylic terpolymers comprising:

-   (a) about 20% to 70% by weight of a carboxylic acid containing     α,β-monoethylenic unsaturation,

-   (b) about 20% to 80% by weight of a non-surfactant monomer     containing α,β-monoethylenic unsaturation other than (a),

-   (c) about 0.5% to 60% by weight of a nonionic monourethane which is     the product of reaction of a monohydric surfactant with a     monoisocyanate containing monoethylenic unsaturation, such as those     described in patent application EP-A-0 173 109 and more particularly     the terpolymer described in Example 3, namely a methacrylic     acid/methyl acrylate/behenyl     dimethyl-meta-isopropenylbenzylisocyanate ethoxylated (40 EO)     terpolymer, as an aqueous 25% dispersion.     -   (V) copolymers comprising among their monomers a carboxylic acid         containing α,β-monoethylenic unsaturation and an ester of a         carboxylic acid containing α,β-monoethylenic unsaturation and of         an oxyalkylenated fatty alcohol.

Preferentially, these compounds also comprise as monomer an ester of a carboxylic acid containing α,β-monoethylenic unsaturation and of a C₁-C₄ alcohol.

An example of a compound of this type which may be mentioned is Aculyn 22® sold by the company Rohm & Haas, which is a methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate/stearyl methacrylate oxyalkylenated terpolymer.

Associative Polymers of Cationic Type

According to the present invention, they are preferably chosen from quaternized cellulose derivatives and polyacrylates containing non-cyclic amino side groups.

The quaternized cellulose derivatives are in particular:

-   -   quaternized celluloses modified with groups comprising at least         one fatty chain, such as alkyl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl groups         containing at least 8 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof,     -   quaternized hydroxyethylcelluloses modified with groups         comprising at least one fatty chain, such as alkyl, arylalkyl or         alkylaryl groups containing at least 8 carbon atoms, or mixtures         thereof.

The alkyl radicals borne by the above quaternized celluloses or hydroxyethylcelluloses preferably contain from 8 to 30 carbon atoms. The aryl radicals preferably denote phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl or anthryl groups.

Examples of quaternized alkylhydroxyethylcelluloses containing C₈-C₃₀ fatty chains that may be mentioned include the products Quatrisoft LM 200, Quatrisoft LM-X 529-18-A, Quatrisoft LM-X 529-18B (C₁₂ alkyl) and Quatrisoft LM-X 529-8 (C₁₈ alkyl) sold by the company Amerchol, and the products Crodacel QM, Crodacel QL (C₁₂ alkyl) and Crodacel QS (C₁₈ alkyl) sold by the company Croda.

Amphoteric Associative Polymers

These are preferably chosen from polymers comprising at least one non-cyclic cationic unit. Even more particularly, the ones that are preferred are those prepared from or comprising 1 to 20 mol % of monomer comprising a fatty chain, preferably 1.5 to 15 mol % and even more particularly 1.5 to 6 mol %, relative to the total number of moles of monomers.

The amphoteric associative polymers that are preferred according to the invention comprise, or are prepared by copolymerizing:

1) at least one monomer of formula (Ia) or (Ib):

in which R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical, R₃, R₄ and R₅, which may be identical or different, represent a linear or branched alkyl radical containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms,

-   Z represents an NH group or an oxygen atom, -   n is an integer from 2 to 5, -   A⁻ is an anion derived from an organic or mineral acid, such as a     methosulfate anion or a halide such as chloride or bromide;

2) at least one monomer of formula (II) R₆—CH═CR₇—COOH  (II) in which R₆ and R₇, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical; and

3) at least one monomer of formula (III): R₆—CH═CR₇—COXR₈  (III) in which R₆ and R₇, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical, X denotes an oxygen or nitrogen atom and R₈ denotes a linear or branched alkyl radical containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; at least one of the monomers of formula (Ia), (Ib) or (III) comprising at least one fatty chain.

The monomers of formulae (Ia) and (Ib) of the present invention are preferably chosen from the group consisting of:

-   -   dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate,     -   diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate,     -   dimethylaminopropyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl acrylate,     -   dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide,         dimethylaminopropylacrylamide,         these monomers optionally being quaternized, for example with a         C₁-C₄ alkyl halide or a C₁-C₄ dialkyl sulfate.

More particularly, the monomer of formula (Ia) is chosen from acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride and methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride.

The monomers of formula (II) of the present invention are preferably chosen from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid and 2-methylcrotonic acid. More particularly, the monomer of formula (II) is acrylic acid.

The monomers of formula (III) of the present invention are preferably chosen from the group consisting of C₁₂-C₂₂ and more particularly C₁₆-C₁₈ alkyl acrylates or methacrylates.

The monomers constituting the fatty-chain amphoteric polymers of the invention are preferably already neutralized and/or quaternized.

The ratio of the number of cationic charges/anionic charges is preferably equal to about 1.

The amphoteric associative polymers according to the invention preferably comprise from 1 mol % to 10 mol % of the monomer comprising a fatty chain (monomer of formula (Ia), (Ib) or (III)), and preferably from 1.5 mol % to 6 mol %.

The weight-average molecular weights of the amphoteric associative polymers according to the invention may range from 500 to 50 000 000 and are preferably between 10 000 and 5 000 000.

The amphoteric associative polymers according to the invention may also contain other monomers such as nonionic monomers and in particular such as C₁-C₄ alkyl acrylates or methacrylates.

Amphoteric associative polymers are described and prepared, for example, in patent application WO 98/44012.

Among the amphoteric associative polymers according to the invention, the ones that are preferred are acrylic acid/(meth)acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride/stearyl methacrylate terpolymers.

Associative Polymers of Nonionic Type

According to the invention, these are preferably chosen from:

-   -   (1) celluloses modified with groups comprising at least one         fatty chain;     -   examples that may be mentioned include:         -   hydroxyethylcelluloses modified with groups comprising at             least one fatty chain, such as alkyl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl             groups, or mixtures thereof, and in which the alkyl groups             are preferably C₈-C₂₂, for instance the product Natrosol             Plus Grade 330 CS® (C₁₆ alkyls) sold by the company Aqualon,             or the product Bermocoll EHM 100® sold by the company Berol             Nobel,         -   those modified with alkylphenyl polyalkylene glycol ether             groups, such as the product Amercell Polymer HM-1500®             (nonylphenyl polyethylene glycol (15) ether) sold by the             company Amerchol.     -   (2) hydroxypropyl guars modified with groups comprising at least         one fatty chain, such as the product Esaflor HM 22® (C₂₂ alkyl         chain) sold by the company Lamberti, and the products RE210-18®         (C₁₄ alkyl chain) and RE205-1® (C₂₀ alkyl chain) sold by the         company Rhône-Poulenc.     -   (3) copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and of fatty-chain         hydrophobic monomers; examples that may be mentioned include:         -   the products Antaron V216® or Ganex V216®             (vinylpyrrolidone/hexadecene copolymer) sold by the company             I.S.P.         -   the products Antaron V220® or Ganex V220®             (vinylpyrrolidone/eicosene copolymer) sold by the company             I.S.P.     -   (4) copolymers of C₁-C₆ alkyl methacrylates or acrylates and of         amphiphilic monomers comprising at least one fatty chain, such         as, for example, the oxyethylenated methyl acrylate/stearyl         acrylate copolymer sold by the company Goldschmidt under the         name Antil 208®.     -   (5) copolymers of hydrophilic methacrylates or acrylates and of         hydrophobic monomers comprising at least one fatty chain, such         as, for example, the polyethylene glycol methacrylate/lauryl         methacrylate copolymer.     -   (6) polyurethane polyethers comprising in their chain both         hydrophilic blocks usually of polyoxyethylenated nature and         hydrophobic blocks which may be aliphatic sequences alone and/or         cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic sequences.     -   (7) polymers with an aminoplast ether skeleton containing at         least one fatty chain, such as the Pure Thix® compounds sold by         the company Sud-Chemie.

Preferably, the polyurethane polyethers comprise at least two hydrocarbon-based lipophilic chains containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, separated by a hydrophilic block, the hydrocarbon-based chains possibly being pendent chains, or chains at the end of the hydrophilic block. In particular, it is possible for one or more pendent chains to be included. In addition, the polymer may comprise a hydrocarbon-based chain at one end or at both ends of a hydrophilic block.

The polyurethane polyethers may be multiblock, in particular in triblock form. Hydrophobic blocks may be at each end of the chain (for example: triblock copolymer with a hydrophilic central block) or distributed both at the ends and in the chain (for example: multiblock copolymer). These same polymers may also be graft polymers or starburst polymers.

The nonionic fatty-chain polyurethane polyethers may be triblock copolymers in which the hydrophilic block is a polyoxyethylenated chain comprising from 50 to 1 000 oxyethylene groups. The nonionic polyurethane polyethers comprise a urethane linkage between the hydrophilic blocks, whence arises the name.

By extension, also included among the nonionic fatty-chain polyurethane polyethers are those in which the hydrophilic blocks are linked to the lipophilic blocks via other chemical bonds.

As examples of nonionic fatty-chain polyurethane polyethers that may be used in the invention, mention may also be made of Rheolate 205® containing a urea function, sold by the company Rheox, or the Rheolates® 208, 204 or 212, and also Acrysol RM 184®.

Mention may also be made of the product Elfacos T210® containing a C₁₂-₁₄ alkyl chain, and the product Elfacos T212® containing a C₁₈ alkyl chain, from Akzo.

The product DW 1206B® from Rohm & Haas containing a C₂₀ alkyl chain and a urethane linkage, sold at a solids content of 20% in water, may also be used.

It is also possible to use solutions or dispersions of these polymers, especially in water or in aqueous-alcoholic medium. Examples of such polymers that may be mentioned are Rheolate® 255, Rheolate® 278 and Rheolate® 244 sold by the company Rheox. The products DW 1206F and DW 1206J sold by the company Rohm & Haas may also be used.

The polyurethane polyethers that may be used according to the invention are in particular those described in the article by G. Fonnum, J. Bakke and Fk. Hansen—Colloid Polym. Sci 271, 380.389 (1993).

Even more particularly, according to the invention, it is preferred to use a polyurethane polyether that may be obtained by polycondensation of at least three compounds comprising (i) at least one polyethylene glycol comprising from 150 to 180 mol of ethylene oxide, (ii) stearyl alcohol or decyl alcohol, and (iii) at least one diisocyanate.

Such polyurethane polyethers are sold especially by the company Rohm & Haas under the names Aculyn 46® and Aculyn 44® [Aculyn 46® is a polycondensate of polyethylene glycol containing 150 or 180 mol of ethylene oxide, of stearyl alcohol and of methylenebis(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate) (SMDI), at 15% by weight in a matrix of maltodextrin (4%) and water (81%); Aculyn 44® is a polycondensate of polyethylene glycol containing 150 or 180 mol of ethylene oxide, of decyl alcohol and of methylenebis(4-cyclohexyl-isocyanate) (SMDI), at 35% by weight in a mixture of propylene glycol (39%) and water (26%)].

The associative polymers of nonionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric type are preferably used in an amount that may vary from about 0.1% to 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dyeing composition. More preferably, this amount varies from about 0.5% to 5% by weight, and even more preferably from about 1% to 3% by weight.

Cationic Polymers

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “cationic polymer” denotes any polymer containing cationic groups and/or groups that may be ionized into cationic groups.

The cationic polymers that may be used in accordance with the present invention may be chosen from all those already known per se as improving the cosmetic properties of the hair, i.e. especially those described in patent application EP-A-337 354 and in French patents FR-2 270 846, 2 383 660, 2 598 611, 2 470 596 and 2 519 863.

The cationic polymers that are preferred are chosen from those containing units comprising primary, secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary amine groups, which may either form part of the main polymer chain or may be borne by a side substituent directly attached thereto.

The cationic polymers used generally have a number-average molecular mass of between 500 and 5×10⁶ approximately and preferably between 10³ and 3×10⁶ approximately.

Among the cationic polymers that may be mentioned more particularly are polymers of the polyamine, polyamino amide and polyquaternary ammonium type.

These are known products. They are described in particular in French patents Nos. 2 505 348 and 2 542 997. Among said polymers, mention may be made of:

-   (1) homopolymers or copolymers derived from acrylic or methacrylic     esters or amides and comprising at least one of the units of formula     (I), (II), (III) or (IV) below:     in which: -   R₃, which may be identical or different, denote a hydrogen atom or a     CH₃ radical; -   A, which may be identical or different, represent a linear or     branched alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 or 3     carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; -   R₄, R₅ and R₆, which may be identical or different, represent an     alkyl group containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or a benzyl radical     and preferably an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; -   R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, represent hydrogen     or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and     preferably methyl or ethyl; -   X denotes an anion derived from an inorganic or organic acid, such     as a methosulfate anion or a halide such as chloride or bromide.

The polymers of family (1) can also contain one or more units derived from comonomers which may be chosen from the family of acrylamides, methacrylamides, diacetone acrylamides, acrylamides and methacrylamides substituted on the nitrogen with lower (C₁-C₄) alkyls, acrylic or methacrylic acids or esters thereof, vinyllactams such as vinylpyrrolidone or vinylcaprolactam, and vinyl esters.

Thus, among these polymers of family (1), mention may be made of:

-   -   copolymers of acrylamide and of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate         quaternized with dimethyl sulfate or with a dimethyl halide,         such as the product sold under the name Hercofloc® by the         company Hercules,     -   the copolymers of acrylamide and of         methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride described, for         example, in patent application EP-A-080 976 and sold under the         name Bina Quat P 100® by the company Ciba Geigy,     -   the copolymer of acrylamide and of         methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium methosulfate sold under         the name Reten® by the company Hercules,     -   quaternized or non-quaternized         vinylpyrrolidone/dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate or methacrylate         copolymers, such as the products sold under the name “Gafquat®”         by the company ISP, such as, for example, “Gafquat® 734” or         “Gafquat® 755”, or alternatively the products known as         “Copolymer® 845, 958 and 937”. These polymers are described in         detail in French patents 2 077 143 and 2 393 573,     -   dimethylaminoethyl         methacrylate/vinylcaprolactam/vinylpyrrolidone terpolymers, such         as the product sold under the name Gaffix® VC 713 by the company         ISP,     -   vinylpyrrolidone/methacrylamidopropyldimethylamine copolymers         sold in particular under the name Styleze® CC 10 by ISP, and         quaternized vinylpyrrolidone/dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide         copolymers such as the product sold under the name “Gafquat® HS         100” by the company ISP.

-   (2) Polymers consisting of piperazinyl units and of divalent     alkylene or hydroxyalkylene radicals containing straight or branched     chains, optionally interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms     or by aromatic or heterocyclic rings, as well as the oxidation     and/or quaternization products of these polymers. Such polymers are     described, in particular, in French patents 2 162 025 and 2 280 361.

-   (3) Water-soluble polyamino amides prepared in particular by     polycondensation of an acidic compound with a polyamine; these     polyamino amides can be crosslinked with an epihalohydrin, a     diepoxide, a dianhydride, an unsaturated dianhydride, a     bis-unsaturated derivative, a bis-halohydrin, a bis-azetidinium, a     bis-haloacyldiamine, a bis-alkyl halide or alternatively with an     oligomer resulting from the reaction of a difunctional compound     which is reactive with a bis-halohydrin, a bis-azetidinium, a     bis-haloacyldiamine, a bis-alkyl halide, an epihalohydrin, a     diepoxide or a bis-unsaturated derivative; the crosslinking agent     being used in proportions ranging from 0.025 to 0.35 mol per amine     group of the polyamino amide; these polyamino amides can be     alkylated or, if they contain one or more tertiary amine functions,     they can be quaternized. Such polymers are described, in particular,     in French patents 2 252 840 and 2 368 508.

-   (4) The polyamino amide derivatives resulting from the condensation     of polyalkylene polyamines with polycarboxylic acids followed by     alkylation with difunctional agents. Mention may be made, for     example, of adipic acid/dialkylaminohydroxyalkyldialkylenetriamine     polymers in which the alkyl radical contains from 1 to 4 carbon     atoms and preferably denotes methyl, ethyl or propyl. Such polymers     are described in particular in French patent 1 583 363.

Among these derivatives, mention may be made more particularly of the adipic acid/dimethylaminohydroxypropyl/diethylenetriamine polymers sold under the name “Cartaretine® F, F4 or F8” by the company Sandoz.

-   (5) The polymers obtained by reaction of a polyalkylene polyamine     containing two primary amine groups and at least one secondary amine     group with a dicarboxylic acid chosen from diglycolic acid and     saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having from 3 to 8 carbon     atoms. The molar ratio between the polyalkylene polyamine and the     dicarboxylic acid is between 0.8:1 and 1.4:1; the polyamino amide     resulting therefrom is reacted with epichlorohydrin in a molar ratio     of epichlorohydrin relative to the secondary amine group of the     polyamino amide of between 0.5:1 and 1.8:1. Such polymers are     described in particular in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,615 and 2,961,347.

Polymers of this type are sold in particular under the name “Hercosett® 57” by the company Hercules Inc. or alternatively under the name “PD 170®” or “Delsette® 101” by the company Hercules in the case of the adipic acid/epoxypropyl/diethylenetriamine copolymer.

-   (6) Cyclopolymers of alkyldiallylamine or of dialkyldiallylammonium,     such as the homopolymers or copolymers containing, as main     constituent of the chain, units corresponding to formula (V) or     (VI):     in which formulae k and t are equal to 0 or 1, the sum k+t being     equal to 1; R₉ denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical; R₇ and     R₈, independently of each other, denote an alkyl group having from 1     to 22 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group in which the alkyl group     preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower (C₁-C₄) amidoalkyl     group, or R₇ and R₈ can denote, together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached, heterocyclic groups such as piperidyl or     morpholinyl; R₇ and R₈, independently of each other, preferably     denote an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; Y⁻ is an     anion such as bromide, chloride, acetate, borate, citrate, tartrate,     bisulfate, bisulfite, sulfate or phosphate. These polymers are     described in particular in French patent 2 080 759 and in its     Certificate of Addition 2 190 406.

Among the polymers defined above, mention may be made more particularly of the dimethyldiallylammonium chloride homopolymer sold under the name “Merquat® 100” by the company Calgon (and its homologs of low weight-average molecular mass) and the copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and of acrylamide, sold under the name “Merquat® 550”.

-   (7) The quaternary diammonium polymer containing repeating units     corresponding to the formula:     in which formula (VII): -   R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃, which may be identical or different,     represent aliphatic, alicyclic or arylaliphatic radicals containing     from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or lower hydroxyalkylaliphatic radicals,     or alternatively R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃, together or separately,     constitute, with the nitrogen atoms to which they are attached,     heterocycles optionally containing a second hetero atom other than     nitrogen, or alternatively R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ represent a linear     or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl radical substituted with a nitrile, ester,     acyl or amide group or a group —CO—O—R₁₄-D or —CO—NH—R₁₄-D where R₁₄     is an alkylene and D is a quaternary ammonium group; -   A₁ and B₁ represent polymethylene groups containing from 2 to 20     carbon atoms which may be linear or branched, saturated or     unsaturated, and which may contain, linked to or intercalated in the     main chain, one or more aromatic rings or one or more oxygen or     sulfur atoms or sulfoxide, sulfone, disulfide, amino, alkylamino,     hydroxyl, quaternary ammonium, ureido, amide or ester groups, and -   X⁻ denotes an anion derived from an inorganic or organic acid; -   A₁, R₁₀ and R₁₂ can form, with the two nitrogen atoms to which they     are attached, a piperazine ring; in addition, if A₁ denotes a linear     or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkylene or hydroxyalkylene     radical, B₁ can also denote a group —(CH₂)_(n)—CO-D-OC—(CH₂)_(n)— in     which n is between 1 and 100 and preferably between 1 and 50, and D     denotes:

a) a glycol residue of formula: —O-Z-O—, where Z denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon-based radical or a group corresponding to one of the following formulae: (CH₂—CH₂—O)_(x)—CH₂—CH₂— [CH₂—CH(CH₃)—O]_(y)—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—

where x and y denote an integer from 1 to 4, representing a defined and unique degree of polymerization or any number from 1 to 4 representing an average degree of polymerization;

b) a bis-secondary diamine residue such as a piperazine derivative;

c) a bis-primary diamine residue of formula: —NH—Y—NH—, where Y denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon-based radical, or alternatively the divalent radical —CH₂—CH₂—S—S—CH₂—CH₂—;

d) a ureylene group of formula: —NH—CO—NH—.

Preferably, X⁻ is an anion such as chloride or bromide.

These polymers generally have a number-average molecular mass of between 1000 and 100 000.

Polymers of this type are described in particular in French patents 2 320 330, 2 270 846, 2 316 271, 2 336 434 and 2 413 907 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,273,780, 2,375,853, 2,388,614, 2,454,547, 3,206,462, 2,261,002, 2,271,378, 3,874,870, 4,001,432, 3,929,990, 3,966,904, 4,005,193, 4,025,617, 4,025,627, 4,025,653, 4,026,945 and 4,027,020.

It is more particularly possible to use polymers that consist of repeating units corresponding to the following formula (VIII):

in which R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃, which may be identical or different, denote an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms approximately, n and p are integers ranging from 2 to 20 approximately, and X⁻ is an anion derived from an inorganic or organic acid.

-   (8) Polyquaternary ammonium polymers consisting of units of formula     (IX)     in which: -   p denotes an integer ranging from 1 to 6 approximately, D may be     nothing or may represent a group —(CH₂)_(r)—CO— in which r denotes a     number equal to 4 or 7, and -   X⁻ is an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.

The cationic polymers comprising units of formula (IX) are described especially in patent application EP-A-122 324 and may be prepared according to the processes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,157,388, 4,390,689, 4,702,906 and 4,719,282.

Among these polymers, the ones that are preferred are those with a molecular mass, measured by carbon-13 NMR of less than 100 000, and in the formula of which:

-   p is equal to 3, and -   a) D represents a —(CH₂)₄—CO— group, X denotes a chlorine atom, the     molecular mass measured by carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR) being about 5     600; -   a polymer of this type is sold by the company Miranol under the name     Mirapol-AD1, -   b) D represents a —(CH₂)₇—CO— group, X denotes a chlorine atom, the     molecular mass measured by carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR) being about 8     100; a polymer of this type is sold by the company Miranol under the     name Mirapol-AZ1, -   c) D denotes the value zero, X denotes a chlorine atom, the     molecular mass measured by carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR) being about 25     500; a polymer of this type is sold by the company Miranol under the     name Mirapol-A15, -   d) a “Block Copolymer” formed from units corresponding to the     polymers described in paragraphs a) to c), sold by the company     Miranol under the names Mirapol-9 (¹³C NMR molecular mass, about 7     800), Mirapol-175 (¹³C NMR molecular mass, about 8 000) and     Mirapol-95 (¹³C NMR molecular mass, about 12 500).

The polymer containing units of formula (IX) in which p is equal to 3, D denotes the value zero and X denotes a chlorine atom, the molecular mass measured by carbon-13 NMR (¹³C NMR) being about 25 500, is even more particularly preferred according to the invention.

-   (9) Quaternary polymers of vinylpyrrolidone and of vinylimidazole,     such as, for example, the products sold under the names Luviquat FC     905, FC 550 and FC 370 by the company BASF. -   (10) Polyamines such as Polyquart H sold by Henkel, which is given     under the reference name “Polyethylene glycol (15) tallow polyamine”     in the CTFA dictionary. -   (11) Crosslinked methacryloyloxy(C₁-C₄)alkyltri(C₁-C₄)alkylammonium     salt polymers such as the polymers obtained by homopolymerization of     dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate quaternized with methyl chloride, or     by copolymerization of acrylamide with dimethylaminoethyl     methacrylate quaternized with methyl chloride, the homo- or     copolymerization being followed by crosslinking with a compound     containing olefinic unsaturation, in particular     methylenebisacrylamide. A crosslinked     acrylamide/methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride copolymer     (20/80 by weight) in the form of a dispersion containing 50% by     weight of said copolymer in mineral oil can be used more     particularly. This dispersion is sold under the name “Salcare® SC     92” by the company Allied Colloids. A crosslinked     methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride homopolymer     containing about 50% by weight of the homopolymer in mineral oil or     in a liquid ester can also be used. These dispersions are sold under     the names “Salcare® SC 95” and “Salcare® SC 96” by the company     Allied Colloids.

Other cationic polymers which can be used in the context of the invention are polyalkyleneimines, in particular polyethyleneimines, polymers containing vinylpyridine or vinylpyridinium units, condensates of polyamines and of epichlorohydrin, quaternary polyureylenes and chitin derivatives.

Among all the cationic polymers which may be used in the context of the present invention, it is preferred to use the polymers of families (1), (6), (7), (8) and (11) and even more preferably the polymers containing repeating units of formulae (W) and (U) below:

and in particular those whose molecular weight, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is between 9500 and 9900;

and in particular those whose molecular weight, determined by gel permeation chromatography, is about 1200.

The concentration of cationic polymer in the composition according to the present invention may range from 0.01% to 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, preferably from 0.05% to 5% and even more preferably from 0.1% to 3%.

Amphoteric Polymers

The amphoteric polymers that may be used in accordance with the present invention may be chosen from polymers comprising units K and M randomly distributed in the polymer chain, in which K denotes a unit derived from a monomer comprising at least one basic nitrogen atom and M denotes a unit derived from an acidic monomer comprising one or more carboxylic or sulfonic groups, or alternatively K and M may denote groups derived from zwitterionic carboxybetaine or sulfobetaine monomers;

K and M may also denote a cationic polymer chain comprising primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine groups, in which at least one of the amine groups bears a carboxylic or sulfonic group linked via a hydrocarbon-based radical, or alternatively K and M form part of a chain of a polymer containing an α,β-dicarboxylic ethylene unit in which one of the carboxylic groups has been made to react with a polyamine comprising one or more primary or secondary amine groups.

The amphoteric polymers corresponding to the above definition that are more particularly preferred are chosen from the following polymers:

-   (1) polymers resulting from the copolymerization of a monomer     derived from a vinyl compound bearing a carboxylic group such as,     more particularly, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid,     α-chloroacrylic acid, and from a substituted vinyl compound     containing at least one basic atom, such as, more particularly,     dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate and acrylate,     dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamide and -acrylamide. Such compounds are     described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,537. Mention may also be made of     the sodium acrylate/acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride     copolymer sold under the name Polyquart KE 3033 by the company     Henkel.

The substituted vinyl compound containing at least one basic atom may also be a dialkyldiallylammonium salt such as dimethyldiallylammonium chloride. The copolymers of acrylic acid and of the latter monomer are sold under the names Merquat 280, Merquat 295 and Merquat Plus 3330 by the company Calgon.

-   (2) Polymers containing units derived from: -   a) at least one monomer chosen from acrylamides and methacrylamides     substituted on the nitrogen with an alkyl radical, -   b) at least one acidic comonomer containing one or more reactive     carboxylic groups, and -   c) at least one basic comonomer such as esters containing primary,     secondary, tertiary and quaternary amine substituents of acrylic and     methacrylic acids and the product of quaternization of     dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with dimethyl or diethyl sulfate.

The N-substituted acrylamides or methacrylamides which are more particularly preferred according to the invention are groups in which the alkyl radicals contain from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and more particularly N-ethylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-tert-octylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N-decylacrylamide, N-dodecylacrylamide and the corresponding methacrylamides.

The acidic comonomers are chosen more particularly from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid and alkyl monoesters, having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, of maleic or fumaric acids or anhydrides.

The preferred basic comonomers are aminoethyl, butylaminoethyl, N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl and N-tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylates.

The copolymers whose CTFA (4th edition, 1991) name is Octylacrylamide/acrylates/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer such as the products sold under the name Amphomer or Lovocryl 47 by the company National Starch are particularly used.

-   (3) Polyamino amides that are crosslinked and alkylated partially or     totally derived from polyamino amides of general formula:     CO—R₁₉—CO—Z  (X)     in which R₁₉ represents a divalent radical derived from a saturated     dicarboxylic acid, a mono- or dicarboxylic aliphatic acid containing     an ethylenic double bond, an ester of a lower alkanol, having 1 to 6     carbon atoms, of these acids or a radical derived from the addition     of any one of said acids to a bis(primary) or bis(secondary) amine,     and Z denotes a bis(primary), mono- or bis(secondary)     polyalkylene-polyamine radical and preferably represents: -   a) in proportions of from 60 to 100 mol %, the radical     where x=2 and p=2 or 3, or alternatively x=3 and p=2 this radical     being derived from diethylenetriamine, from triethylenetetraamine or     from dipropylenetriamine; -   b) in proportions of from 0 to 40 mol %, the radical (XI) above in     which x=2 and p=1 and which is derived from ethylenediamine, or the     radical derived from piperazine: -   c) in proportions of from 0 to 20 mol %, the —NH—(CH₂)₆—NH— radical     derived from hexamethylenediamine, these polyamino amines being     crosslinked by addition of a difunctional crosslinking agent chosen     from epihalohydrins, diepoxides, dianhydrides and bis-unsaturated     derivatives, using from 0.025 to 0.35 mol of crosslinking agent per     amine group of the polyamino amide and alkylated by the action of     acrylic acid, chloroacetic acid or an alkane sultone, or salts     thereof.

The saturated carboxylic acids are preferably chosen from acids having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as adipic acid, 2,2,4-trimethyladipic acid and 2,4,4-trimethyladipic acid, terephthalic acid and acids containing an ethylenic double bond such as, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid.

The alkane sultones used in the alkylation are preferably propane sultone or butane sultone, and the salts of the alkylating agents are preferably the sodium or potassium salts.

-   (4) Polymers containing zwitterionic units of formula:     in which R₂₀ denotes a polymerizable unsaturated group such as an     acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide or methacrylamide group, y and z     represent an integer from 1 to 3, R₂₁ and R₂₂ represent a hydrogen     atom, methyl, ethyl or propyl, R₂₃ and R₂₄ represent a hydrogen atom     or an alkyl radical such that the sum of the carbon atoms in R₂₃ and     R₂₄ does not exceed 10.

The polymers comprising such units can also contain units derived from nonzwitterionic monomers such as dimethyl or diethylaminoethyl acrylate or methacrylate or alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, acrylamides or methacrylamides or vinyl acetate.

By way of example, mention may be made of the copolymer of butyl methacrylate/dimethyl carboxymethylammonio ethyl methacrylate such as the product sold under the name Diaformer Z301 by the company Sandoz.

-   (5) Polymers derived from chitosan, described especially in French     patent No 2 137 684 or U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,376, containing monomer     units corresponding to formulae (XIII), (XIV) and (XV) below     connected in their chain:     the unit (XIII) being present in proportions of between 0 and 30%,     the unit (XIV) in proportions of between 5 and 50% and the unit (XV)     in proportions of between 30 and 90%, it being understood that, in     this unit (XV), R₂₅ represents a radical of formula:     in which q denotes zero or 1;     if q=0, R₂₆, R₂₇ and R₂₈, which may be identical or different, each     represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl, hydroxyl, acetoxy or amino     residue, a monoalkylamine residue or a dialkylamine residue which     are optionally interrupted by one or more nitrogen atoms and/or     optionally substituted with one or more amine, hydroxyl, carboxyl,     alkylthio or sulfonic groups, an alkylthio residue in which the     alkyl group bears an amino residue, at least one of the radicals     R₂₆, R₂₇ and R₂₈ being, in this case, a hydrogen atom;     or, if q=1, R₂₆, R₂₇ and R₂₈ each represent a hydrogen atom, as well     as the salts formed by these compounds with bases or acids.     More particularly preferred polymers of this type comprise from 0 to     20% by weight of the units (XIII), from 40 to 50% by weight of units     (XIV), and from 40 to 50% by weight of units (XV) in which R₂₅     denotes the radical —CH₂—CH₂—; -   (6) Polymers derived from the N-carboxyalkylation of chitosan, such     as N-carboxymethylchitosan or N-carboxybutylchitosan sold under the     name “Evalsan” by the company Jan Dekker. -   (7) Polymers corresponding to the general formula (XI) as described,     for example, in French patent 1 400 366:     in which R₂₉ represents a hydrogen atom, a CH₃O, CH₃CH₂O or phenyl     radical, R₃₀ denotes hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical such as     methyl or ethyl, R₃₁ denotes hydrogen or a lower alkyl radical such     as methyl or ethyl, R₃₂ denotes a lower alkyl radical such as methyl     or ethyl or a radical corresponding to the formula: —R₃₃—N(R₃₁)₂,     R₃₃ representing a —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—CH(CH₃)— group,     R₃₁ having the meanings mentioned above,     as well as the higher homologs of these radicals and containing up     to 6 carbon atoms,     r is such that the molecular weight is between 500 and 6 000 000 and     preferably between 1000 and 1 000 000. -   (8) Amphoteric polymers of the type -D-X-D-X— chosen from: -   a) polymers obtained by the action of chloroacetic acid or sodium     chloroacetate on compounds containing at least one unit of formula:     -D-X-D-X-D-  (XVII)     where D denotes a radical     and X denotes the symbol E or E′, E or E′, which may be identical or     different, denotes a divalent radical which is an alkylene radical     with a straight or branched chain containing up to 7 carbon atoms in     the main chain, which is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl     groups and which can contain, in addition to the oxygen, nitrogen     and sulfur atoms, 1 to 3 aromatic and/or heterocyclic rings; the     oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms being present in the form of     ether, thioether, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonium, alkylamine or     alkenylamine groups, hydroxyl, benzylamine, amine oxide, quaternary     ammonium, amide, imide, alcohol, ester and/or urethane groups; -   b) polymers of formula:     -D-X-D-X—  (XVIII)     where D denotes a radical     and X denotes the symbol E or E′ and at least once E′; E having the     meaning given above and E′ being a divalent radical which is an     alkylene radical with a straight or branched chain having up to 7     carbon atoms in the main chain, which is unsubstituted or     substituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals and containing one or     more nitrogen atoms, the nitrogen atom being substituted with an     alkyl chain which is optionally interrupted by an oxygen atom and     necessarily containing one or more carboxyl functions or one or more     hydroxyl functions and betainized by reaction with chloroacetic acid     or sodium chloroacetate. -   (9) (C₁-C₅)alkyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymers partially     modified by semiamidation with an N,N-dialkylaminoalkylamine such as     N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine or by semiesterification with an     N,N-dialkanolamine. These copolymers can also contain other vinyl     comonomers such as vinylcaprolactam.

The amphoteric polymers that are particularly preferred according to the invention are those of family (1).

According to the invention, the amphoteric polymer(s) may represent from 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.05% to 5% by weight and even more preferably from 0.1% to 3% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

The compositions of the invention preferably comprise one or more surfactants which can be chosen without preference, alone or as mixtures, from anionic, amphoteric, nonionic, zwitterionic and cationic surfactants.

The surfactants that are suitable for carrying out the present invention are, in particular, the following:

(i) Anionic Surfactant(s):

As examples of anionic surfactants which can be used, alone or as mixtures, in the context of the present invention, mention may be made in particular (nonlimiting list) of salts (in particular alkaline salts, especially sodium salts, ammonium salts, amine salts, amino alcohol salts or magnesium salts) of the following compounds: alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkylamido ether sulfates, alkylarylpolyether sulfates, monoglyceride sulfates; alkyl sulfonates, alkyl phosphates, alkylamide sulfonates, alkylaryl sulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates; (C₆-C₂₄) alkyl sulfosuccinates, (C₆-C₂₄) alkyl ether sulfosuccinates, (C₆-C₂₄) alkylamide sulfosuccinates; (C₆-C₂₄) alkyl sulfoacetates; (C₆-C₂₄) acyl sarcosinates and (C₆-C₂₄) acyl glutamates. It is also possible to use the carboxylic esters of (C₆-C₂₄) alkylpolyglycosides, such as alkylglucoside citrates, alkylpolyglycoside tartrates and alkylpolyglycoside sulfosuccinates, alkylsulfosuccinamates; acyl isethionates and N-acyltaurates, the alkyl or acyl radical of all of these various compounds preferably containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, and the aryl radical preferably denoting a phenyl or benzyl group. Among the anionic surfactants which can also be used, mention may also be made of fatty acid salts such as the salts of oleic, ricinoleic, palmitic and stearic acids, coconut oil acid or hydrogenated coconut oil acid; acyl lactylates in which the acyl radical contains 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Alkyl-D-galactosideuronic acids and their salts, polyoxyalkylenated (C₆-C₂₄) alkyl ether carboxylic acids, polyoxyalkylenated (C₆-C₂₄) alkylaryl ether carboxylic acids, polyoxyalkylenated (C₆-C₂₄) alkylamido ether carboxylic acids and their salts, in particular those containing from 2 to 50 alkylene oxide, in particular ethylene oxide, groups, and mixtures thereof can also be used.

(ii) Nonionic Surfactant(s):

The nonionic surfactants are also compounds that are well known per se (see in particular in this respect “Handbook of Surfactants” by M. R. Porter, published by Blackie & Son (Glasgow and London), 1991, pp. 116-178) and, in the context of the present invention, their nature is not a critical feature. Thus, they can be chosen in particular from (nonlimiting list) polyethoxylated or polypropoxylated alkylphenols, α-diols or alcohols having a fatty chain containing, for example, 8 to 18 carbon atoms, it being possible for the number of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide groups to range in particular from 2 to 50. Mention may also be made of copolymers of ethylene oxide and of propylene oxide, condensates of ethylene oxide and of propylene oxide with fatty alcohols; polyethoxylated fatty amides preferably having from 2 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide, polyglycerolated fatty amides containing on average 1 to 5, and in particular 1.5 to 4, glycerol groups; polyethoxylated fatty amines preferably having from 2 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide; oxyethylenated fatty acid esters of sorbitan having from 2 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide; fatty acid esters of sucrose, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol, alkylpolyglycosides, N-alkylglucamine derivatives, amine oxides such as (C₁₀-C₁₄)alkylamine oxides or N-acylaminopropylmorpholine oxides. It will be noted that the alkylpolyglycosides constitute nonionic surfactants that are particularly suitable in the context of the present invention.

(iii) Amphoteric or Zwitterionic Surfactant(s):

The amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants, whose nature is not a critical feature in the context of the present invention, can be, in particular (nonlimiting list), aliphatic secondary or tertiary amine derivatives in which the aliphatic radical is a linear or branched chain containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms and containing at least one water-soluble anionic group (for example carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate or phosphonate); mention may also be made of (C₈-C₂₀)alkylbetaines, sulfobetaines, (C₈-C₂₀)alkylamido (C₁-C₆)alkylbetaines or (C₈-C₂₀)alkylamido (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfobetaines.

Among the amine derivatives, mention may be made of the products sold under the name Miranol, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,528,378 and 2,781,354 and classified in the CTFA dictionary, 3rd edition, 1982, under the names amphocarboxyglycinates and amphocarboxypropionates of respective structures: R₂—CONHCH₂CH₂—N(R₃)(R₄)(CH₂COO⁻) in which: R₂ denotes an alkyl radical of an acid R₂—COOH present in hydrolyzed coconut oil, a heptyl, nonyl or undecyl radical, R₃ denotes a β-hydroxyethyl group and R₄ denotes a carboxymethyl group; and R₂′—CONHCH₂CH₂—N(B)(C) in which:

-   B represents —CH₂CH₂OX′, C represents —(CH₂)_(z)—Y′, with z=1 or 2, -   X′ denotes a —CH₂CH₂—COOH group or a hydrogen atom, -   Y′ denotes —COOH or a —CH₂—CHOH—SO₃H radical, -   R₂′ denotes an alkyl radical of an acid R₉—COOH present in coconut     oil or in hydrolyzed linseed oil, an alkyl radical, in particular a     C₇, C₉, C₁₁ or C₁₃ alkyl radical, a C₁₇ alkyl radical and its iso     form, an unsaturated C₁₇ radical.

These compounds are classified in the CTFA dictionary, 5th edition, 1993, under the names disodium cocoamphodiacetate, disodium lauroamphodiacetate, disodium caprylamphodiacetate, disodium capryloamphodiacetate, disodium cocoamphodipropionate, disodium lauroamphodipropionate, disodium caprylamphodipropionate, disodium capryloamphodipropionate, lauroamphodipropionic acid and cocoamphodipropionic acid.

By way of example, mention may be made of the cocoamphodiacetate sold under the trade name Miranol® C2M Concentrate by the company Rhodia Chimie.

(iv) Cationic Surfactants:

Among the cationic surfactants that may be mentioned in particular (nonlimiting list) are: primary, secondary or tertiary fatty amine salts, optionally polyoxyalkylenated; quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraalkylammonium, alkylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium, trialkylbenzylammonium, trialkylhydroxyalkylammonium or alkylpyridinium chlorides or bromides; imidazoline derivatives; or amine oxides of cationic nature.

The amounts of surfactants present in the composition according to the invention can range from 0.01% to 40% and preferably from 0.5% to 30% relative to the total weight of the composition.

Needless to say, a person skilled in the art will take care to select the optional additional compound(s) mentioned above such that the advantageous properties intrinsically associated with the dye composition according to the invention are not, or are not substantially, adversely affected by the envisaged addition(s).

In the ready-to-use composition with oxidizing agent, the oxidizing agent is preferably chosen from hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide, alkali metal bromates or ferricyanides, and persalts such as perborates and persulfates. It is particularly preferred to use hydrogen peroxide. This oxidizing agent advantageously consists of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution whose titer may range, more particularly, from about 1 to 40 volumes and even more preferably from about 5 to 40 volumes.

Oxidizing agents that may also be used are one or more redox enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and 2-electron oxidoreductases (such as uricase), where appropriate in the presence of their respective donor or cofactor.

The pH of the composition [composition with or without oxidizing agent] is generally between 2 and 12. It is preferably between 3 and 11 and more particularly between 7 and 10. It may be adjusted to the desired value using acidifying or basifying agents or buffers that are well known in the prior art in the dyeing of keratin fibers.

More preferably, when the composition contains an oxidizing agent for lightening fibers, the pH of the ready-to-use mixture is greater than 7 and even more preferably greater than 8.

Among the basifying agents that may be mentioned, for example, are aqueous ammonia, alkali metal carbonates, alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine and also derivatives thereof, oxyethylenated and/or oxypropylenated hydroxyalkylamines and ethylenediamines, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the compounds of formula (XIX) below:

in which R is a propylene residue optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group or a C₁-C₄ alkyl radical; R₃₈, R₃₉, R₄₀ and R₄₁, which may be identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₄ alkyl radical or a C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl radical.

The acidifying agents are conventionally, for example, mineral or organic acids, for instance hydrochloric acid, orthophosphoric acid, carboxylic acids, for instance tartaric acid, citric acid or lactic acid, or sulfonic acids.

Among the buffers that may be mentioned are those sold by the company Merck under the brand name Titrisol, such as the phosphate buffer (KH₂PO₄ at 0.026 mol/l, Na₂HPO₄ at 0.041 mol/l) and the borate buffer (H₃BO₃ at 0.05 mol/l, KCl at 0.05 mol/l, NaOH at 0.022 mol/l).

The dyeing process according to the invention is performed at room temperature and consists in applying the dye composition according to the invention (prepared extemporaneously at the time of use), with or without an oxidizing agent, onto wet or dry keratin fibers, and in leaving it to act for a leave-in time ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes approximately, more preferably from 10 seconds to 5 minutes approximately and more particularly from 30 seconds to 2 minutes approximately, rinsing the fibers and then optionally washing them with shampoo, followed by rinsing them again and drying them.

The process according to the invention has the advantage of requiring only very short application times, of about from 10 seconds to 5 minutes and more particularly from 30 seconds to 2 minutes.

It is possible to perform the process at higher temperatures, such as those produced by a hairstyling hood, about 40° C., or by blow-drying, about 70-80° C.

Concrete examples illustrating the invention are given below, without, however, having any limiting nature.

EXAMPLES 1 to 4

The direct dye compositions below were prepared: [amounts expressed as grams of Active Material (AM)] DIRECT DYE OF EXAMPLE FORMULA (I) BUFFER P* No. 0.5 g SUPPORT] or B* WATER qs 1 (I) 1 ] P 100 2 (I) 1 ] B 100 3 (I) 8 ] P 100 4 (I) 8 ] B 100 SUPPORT]: Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.384 g Nonionic surfactant: (50/50 C8/C10) alkyl polyglucoside as    3 g AM an aqueous 60% solution Benzyl alcohol    4 g Polyethylene glycol (8 EO)    6 g Preserving agent: Methyl, butyl, ethyl, propyl and 0.032 g isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate Phosphate buffer 7   50 g or Borate buffer 9   50 g Buffer P* = phosphate buffer 7 Buffer B* = borate buffer 9

Each of the compositions of examples 1 to 4 was applied, on the one hand to locks of natural gray hair containing 90% white hairs, and on the other hand to locks of permanent-waved gray hair containing 90% white hairs, for 20 minutes at room temperature (20° C.).

After the leave-in time, the locks of hair were rinsed and then dried.

The color is then measured using a Minolta CM2002 calorimeter in the L*a*b* system.

In the L*a*b* system, the 3 parameters respectively denote the lightness (L*), the hue (a*) and the saturation (b*).

According to this system, the higher the value of L, the paler or less intense the color. Conversely, the lower the value of L, the darker or more intense the color.

a* and b* indicate two color axes, a* indicates the green/red color axis and b* the blue/yellow color axis. Values close to zero for a* and b* correspond to gray shades.

The selectivity of the coloration ΔE may be calculated by applying the following equation: ΔE={square root}{square root over ((L*−L _(o)*)²+(a*−a _(o)*)²+(b*−b _(o)*)²)}

In this equation, ΔE represents the difference in color between two locks (in the present case, the selectivity of the coloration), L*, a* and b* representing, respectively, the lightness, the hue and the saturation of the lock of dyed natural hair, L_(o)*, a_(o)* and b_(o)* representing, respectively, the lightness, the hue and the saturation of the lock of dyed permanent-waved hair.

The higher the value of ΔE, the greater the difference in color between the two locks, and the greater the selectivity of the dyeing.

The results are collated in table (I) below. TABLE (I) Selectivity (ΔE between natural Types of and permanent- EXAMPLES hair L* a* b* waved hair) 1 Natural 29.77 7.56 −8.28 1 Permanent- 27.64 9.26 −11.01 3.86 waved 2 Natural 31.68 9.24 −11.35 2 Permanent- 27.56 9.54 −12.65 4.33 waved 3 Natural 49.42 19.10 37.27 3 Permanent- 45.76 20.31 38.05 3.93 waved Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrate that the dyes according to the invention are strong and show little selectivity.

EXAMPLES 5 and 6

The direct dye compositions below were prepared: [amounts expressed as grams of Active Material (AM)] DIRECT DYE BORATE BUFFER EXAMPLE OF FORMULA (I) pH 9 No. 0.5 g qs 5 (I) 1 100 6 (I) 8 100

Each of the compositions of examples 5 and 6 was applied, firstly, to locks of natural gray hair containing 90% white hairs, and, secondly, to locks of permanent-waved gray hair containing 90% white hairs, for 30 seconds at room temperature (20° C.).

After the leave-in time, the locks of hair were rinsed and then dried.

The selectivity of the dyeing was evaluated according to the same technique as previously in examples 1 to 4.

The results are collated in table (II) below: TABLE (II) Selectivity (ΔE between natural Types of and permanent- EXAMPLES hair L* a* b* waved hair) 5 Natural 38.10 7.63 −9.28 5 Permanent- 32.56 7.72 −8.41 5.61 waved 6 Natural 51.77 9.17 25.99 6 Permanent- 54.76 11.07 31.30 6.38 waved Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrate that the dyes according to the invention are strong and show little selectivity.

EXAMPLES 7 and 8

The lightening direct dye compositions below were prepared: [amounts expressed as grams of Active Material (AM)] EXAMPLES 7 8 Hydroxyethylcellulose 1.39 1.39 Aqueous ammonia (40% NH₄OH) 2.08 2.08 40-volumes aqueous hydrogen 60 60 peroxide solution Direct dye of formula (I) 1 0.52 Direct dye of formula (I) 8 0.52 Demineralized water qs 100 100

Each of the compositions of examples 7 and 8 was applied, firstly, to locks of natural gray hair containing 90% white hairs, and, secondly, to locks of permanent-waved gray hair containing 90% white hairs, for 35 minutes at room temperature (20° C.).

After the leave-in time, the locks of hair were rinsed and then dried.

The selectivity of the coloration was evaluated according to the same technique as previously in examples 1 to 4.

The results are collated in table (III) below: TABLE (III) Selectivity (ΔE between natural Types of and permanent- EXAMPLES hair L* a* b* waved hair) 7 Natural 33.99 10.20 −10.99 7 Permanent- 32.06 11.10 −11.29 2.15 waved 8 Natural 48.64 22.78 36.59 8 Permanent- 48.66 27.94 41.88 7.39 waved Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrate that the dyes according to the invention are strong and show little selectivity.

EXAMPLES 9 to 14

Other lightening direct dye compositions were prepared with the dyes of formulae (I)2, (I)3, (I)4, (I)5, (I)6 and (I)7 described above, which are identical to those described in examples 7 and 8. When applied in the same manner as in examples 7 and 8, the dye results obtained were a strong red. 

1-18. (Canceled).
 19. A process for dyeing human keratin fibers, comprising applying to the keratin fibers a cosmetic dye composition comprising at least one cationic direct dye compound chosen from those of formulae (I), (II) and (III):

wherein: A and A₁, which may be identical or different, are chosen from radicals of formula (a)

Z is chosen from aliphatic and aromatic radicals, Z₁ is an alkyl radical, R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl radicals, carboxyl radicals, and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, or R₁ and R₂ can form, together with the two nitrogen atoms that bear them and the radical Z, a piperazine ring, X is a bridging radical chosen from —CO—; —CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO—; —CO—CO—; 1,4-dicarbonylphenyl; —CH₂—CH₂—; and triazines of formulae (b) and (c):

wherein: Y and Y₁, which may be identical or different, are chosen from halogen atoms and hydroxyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, 1-piperidino, morpholino and 1-piperazino radicals, wherein the piperazino radicals are optionally substituted on the nitrogen atom not attached to the triazine ring with at least one (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, said alkyl radicals being optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl, amino, mono(C₁-C₄)alkylamino and di(C₁-C₄)alkylamino radicals, Z₂ is an (C₂-C₈)alkylene radical or forms a piperazine ring with the two adjacent nitrogen atoms and the radicals R₁ and R₂, R₃ and R₄, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, R₅ and R₆, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms; (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, An⁻ is an anion; X′ and Y′, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, ureido and arylureido radicals, R′₁, is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl and aryl radicals, and R′₂ radicals; R′₂ is a radical of formula (d):

wherein: B is chosen from linear and branched alkylene radicals, R′₆ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted alkyls, R′₇ and R′₈, which may be identical or different, are chosen from optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may comprise other hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a pyridinium ring, R′₃ is chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy radicals, W is a radical of formula (e):

wherein: K is a coupling radical, Z is a bridging radical chosen from the radicals of formulae:

wherein R′₉ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted (C₂-C₄)alkyl radicals, and B₁ is chosen from linear and branched C₂-C₁₂ alkylene radicals optionally interrupted with at least one entity chosen from —NR′₉— radicals, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms; and wherein in formula (III), the number of cationic charges is two.
 20. The process according to claim 19, wherein, in formula (I), R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with a hydroxyl radical, and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals, Z is chosen from linear, branched and cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally substituted with an entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals, the chain of said C₂-C₈ radicals optionally being interrupted with an entity chosen from oxygen atoms and —NR₁— radicals; 1,4-phenyl radicals, 1,4-naphthyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from alkyl and alkoxy radicals and halogen atoms; and wherein Z may form a piperazine ring with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms, and X is a group of formula (b).
 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein, in formula (I), R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms and methyl radicals.
 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein, in formula (I), Z is chosen from unsubstituted phenyl radicals; phenyl and naphthyl radicals substituted with at least one radical chosen from methyl and methoxy radicals; (C₂-C₄)alkylene radicals optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl radical; and a piperazine radical formed by bonding with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms.
 23. The process according to claim 19, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from linear, branched and cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally substituted with an entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals, the chain of said C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally being interrupted by an entity chosen from oxygen atoms and —NR₁— radicals; and a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms, R₃ and R₄ are chosen from methyl and ethyl radicals, and R₅ and R₆ are chosen from hydrogen atoms, and methyl and methoxy radicals.
 24. The process according to claim 23, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from (C₂-C₆)alkylene radicals which are optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl radical, and a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms.
 25. The process according to claim 24, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from unsubstituted (C₂-C₄)alkylene radicals.
 26. The process according to claim 19, wherein, in formula (III), W is a radical of formula (e), wherein K is a coupling compound chosen from those of formula (f), (g) and (h):

wherein, X′ and Y′, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, ureido and arylureido radicals, R′₁ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl and aryl radicals, and R′₂ radicals; R′₂ is a radical of formula (d):

wherein: B is chosen from ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene and n-butylene, R′₆ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted alkyls, R′₇ and R′₈, which may be identical or different, are chosen from optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may comprise other hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a pyridinium ring, n is equal to 1 or 2, K₁ is a radical of formula:


27. The process according to claim 19, wherein the at least one compound of formula (I) is chosen from those of formulae (I)1 to (I)7:


28. The process according to claim 19, wherein the at least one compound of formula (III) is the following compound:


29. A cosmetic composition for dyeing human keratin fibers comprising, in a physiologically acceptable medium, an effective amount of at least one direct dye chosen from those of formulae (I), (II) and (III):

wherein: A and A1, which may be identical or different, are chosen from radicals of formula (a)

Z is chosen from aliphatic and aromatic radicals, Z₁ is an alkyl radical, R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms; (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl, carboxyl and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, or R₁ and R₂ can form, together with the two nitrogen atoms that bear them and the radical Z, a piperazine ring, X is a bridging radical chosen from —CO—; —CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO—; —CO—CO—; 1,4-dicarbonylphenyl; —CH₂—CH₂—; and triazines of formulae (b) and (c):

wherein: Y and Y₁, which may be identical or different, are chosen from halogen atoms and hydroxyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, 1-piperidino, morpholino and 1-piperazino radicals, wherein the piperazino radicals are optionally substituted on the nitrogen atom not attached to the triazine ring with at least one (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, said alkyl radicals being optionally substituted with at least one chosen from hydroxyl, amino, mono(C₁-C₄)alkylamino and di(C₁-C₄)alkylamino radicals, Z₂ is an (C₂-C₈)alkylene radical or forms a piperazine ring with the two adjacent nitrogen atoms and the radicals R₁ and R₂, R₃ and R₄, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms; (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, R₅ and R₆, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms; (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with a radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, An⁻ is an anion; X′ and Y′, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, ureido and arylureido radicals, R′₁, is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl and aryl radicals, and R′₂ radicals; R′₂ is a radical of formula (d):

wherein: B is chosen from linear and branched alkylene radicals, R′₆ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₇ and R′₈, which may be identical or different, are chosen from optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may comprise other hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a pyridinium ring, R′₃ is chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals, W is a radical of formula (e):

wherein: K is a coupling radical, Z is a bridging radical chosen from the radicals of formulae:

wherein R′₉ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted (C₂-C₄)alkyl radicals, and B₁ is chosen from linear and branched C₂-C₁₂ alkylene radicals optionally interrupted with at least one entity chosen from —NR′₉— radicals, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms; and wherein in formula (III), the number of cationic charges is two.
 30. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein the at least one direct dye chosen from those of formulae (I), (II) and (III) is present in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 40% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
 31. The cosmetic composition according to claim 30, wherein the at least one direct dye is present in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 20% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
 32. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29 further comprising at least one oxidizing agent.
 33. The cosmetic composition according to claim 32, wherein the at least one oxidizing agent is chosen from hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide, alkali metal bromates and ferricyanides, persalts, and redox enzymes, optionally with the respective donor or cofactor thereof.
 34. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, further comprising, in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 10% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition, at least one cationic or amphoteric polymer chosen from: dimethyldiallylammonium chloride homopolymers; polymers comprising repeating units of formulae (W) or (U):

polymers comprising units of formula (IX):

wherein p is equal to 3, D is chosen from a bond, —(CH₂)₄—CO— groups, and —(CH₂)₇—CO— groups, X is a chlorine atom, or alternatively D may be chosen from block copolymers formed from units corresponding to the polymers when D is chosen from a bond and —(CH₂)₄—CO— groups; copolymers of acrylic acid and of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride.
 35. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein, in formula (I), R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms and (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals, Z is chosen from linear, branched and cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals, the chain of said C₂-C₈ radicals optionally being interrupted with at least one entity chosen from oxygen atoms and —NR₁— radicals; 1,4-phenyl radicals, 1,4-naphthyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from alkyl and alkoxy radicals and halogen atoms; and a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms, and X is a group of formula (b).
 36. The cosmetic composition according to claim 35, wherein, in formula (I), R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms and methyl radicals.
 37. The cosmetic composition according to claim 36, wherein, in formula (I), Z is chosen from unsubstituted phenyl radicals, phenyl and naphthyl radicals substituted with at least one radical chosen from methyl and methoxy radicals, (C₂-C₄)alkylene radicals optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl, and a piperazine radical formed by bonding with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms.
 38. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from linear, branched and cyclic C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally substituted with an entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals, the chain of said C₂-C₈ alkyl radicals optionally being interrupted by an entity chosen from oxygen atoms and —NR₁— radicals; and a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms, R₃ and R₄ are chosen from methyl and ethyl radicals, and R₅ and R₆ are chosen from hydrogen atoms, and methyl and methoxy radicals.
 39. The cosmetic composition according to claim 38, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from (C₂-C₆)alkylene radicals which are optionally substituted with at least one hydroxyl radical, and a piperazine ring formed with R₁, R₂ and the two nitrogen atoms.
 40. The cosmetic composition according to claim 39, wherein, in formula (II), Z₁ is chosen from unsubstituted (C₂-C₄)alkylene radicals.
 41. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein, in formula (III), B is chosen from ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene and n-butylene, K is a coupling compound chosen from those of formula (f), (g) and (h):

wherein, X′ and Y′, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, ureido and arylureido radicals, R′₁ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl and aryl radicals, and R′₂ radicals; R′₂ is a radical of formula (d):

wherein: B is chosen from ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene and n-butylene, R′₆ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted alkyls, R′₇ and R′₈, which may be identical or different, are chosen from optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may comprise other hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a pyridinium ring, n is equal to 1 or 2, K₁ is the radical of formula:


42. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein the at least one compound of formula (I) is chosen from those of formulae (I)1 to (I)7:


43. The cosmetic composition according to claim 29, wherein the at least one compound of formula (III) is the following compound:


44. The process according to claim 19, comprising applying the cosmetic dye composition onto wet or dry fibers, leaving it to act for a leave-in time ranging from 5 seconds to 60 minutes, rinsing the fibers and optionally washing them with shampoo, followed by rinsing them again and drying them.
 45. The process according to claim 44, wherein the cosmetic dye composition further comprises at least one oxidizing agent.
 46. The process according to claim 45, wherein when the cosmetic dye composition comprises at least one oxidizing agent, the at least one oxidizing agent is mixed with the cosmetic dye composition just before applying it to the fibers.
 47. A multi-compartment dyeing kit, comprising at least one first compartment comprises a composition comprising at least one direct dye chosen from formulae (I), (II) and (III):

wherein: A and A1, which may be identical or different, are chosen from radicals of formula (a)

Z is chosen from aliphatic and aromatic radicals, Z₁ is an alkyl radical, R₁ and R₂, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl, carboxyl and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, or R₁ and R₂ can form, together with the two nitrogen atoms that bear them and the radical Z, a piperazine ring, X is a bridging radical chosen from —CO—; —CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO—; —CO—CO—; 1,4-dicarbonylphenyl; —CH₂—CH₂—; and triazines of formulae (b) and (c):

wherein: Y and Y₁, which may be identical or different, are chosen from halogen atoms and hydroxyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, 1-piperidino, morpholino and 1-piperazino radicals, wherein the piperazino radicals are optionally substituted on the nitrogen atom not attached to the triazine ring with at least one (C₁-C₄)alkyl radical, said alkyl radicals being optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl, amino, mono(C₁-C₄)alkylamino and di(C₁-C₄)alkylamino radicals, Z₂ is an (C₂-C₈)alkylene radical or forms a piperazine ring with the two adjacent nitrogen atoms and the radicals R₁ and R₂, R₃ and R₄, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, (C₁-C₄)alkyl radicals optionally substituted with at least one entity chosen from halogen atoms, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, R₅ and R₆, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen and cyano radicals; (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals; and amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, phenyl, phenoxy and phenylaminocarbonyl radicals, wherein the phenyl radicals are optionally substituted with at least one radical chosen from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy and phenoxy radicals, An⁻ is an anion; X′ and Y′, which may be identical or different, are chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, ureido and arylureido radicals, R′₁ is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl and aryl radicals, and R′₂ radicals; R′₂ is a radical of formula (d):

wherein: B is chosen from linear and branched alkylene radicals, R′₆ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted alkyls, R′₇ and R′₈, which may be identical or different, are chosen from optionally substituted alkyl radicals, R′₆ and R′₇, together with the nitrogen, form an optionally substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, which may comprise other hetero atoms, or alternatively R′₆, R′₇ and R′₈ together form a pyridinium ring, R′₃ is chosen from hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy radicals, W is a radical of formula (e):

wherein: K is a coupling radical, Z is a bridging radical chosen from the radicals of formulae:

and —CO—NR′₉—B₁—NR′₉—CO—, wherein R′₉ is chosen from hydrogen atoms and optionally substituted (C₂-C₄)alkyl radicals, and B₁ is chosen from C₂-C₁₂ linear and branched alkylene radicals optionally interrupted with at least one entity chosen from —NR′₉— radicals, oxygen atoms, and sulfur atoms; and wherein in formula (III), the number of cationic charges is two; and at least one second compartment comprising an oxidizing composition. 